HALL FAMILY HISTORY
Wanda Ware DeGidio
wwdegidio@gmail.com www.hallfamilyname.com
Wanda Ware DeGidio
wwdegidio@gmail.com www.hallfamilyname.com
HUGH THE GREAT KING ROBERT V KING HUGH CAPET
PRINCE HUGH THE GREAT (c900-6/16/956) Duke of the Franks, Count of Paris, Orleans, and the Vexin and was called the father of France. Hugh married first Judith, (c900-925) daughter of Roger du Maine and Rothilde, daughter of King Charles the Bald and Richildis de Provence, she died childless in 925. He next married in 926, Eadhild, who died childless in 937, she was the daughter of Edward the Elder, king of the Anglo Saxons. Eadhild's full sister, Eadgifu, was the wife of the deposed king of the West Franks, Charles the Simple, after his death Eadgifu married Herbert Vermandois III, nephew of King Robert and his wife Beatrice Vermandois. Another sister Eadgyth married Otto, Holy Roman Emperor.
Hugh the Great’s marriages were masterfully selected to provide him with ultimate protection and connections. Due to his first two wives dying childless, it appears these marriages were in name only. His marriage to Eadgifu protected the West Franks from falling into the hands of potential rivals for the Frankish throne. In 926 Edward's son, king Æthelstan, received an embassy from his cousin, Adelolf, Count of Boulogne, on behalf of Hugh, and Æthelstan agreed to give his half-sister, Eadhild, in marriage in return for an enormous quantity of gifts and relics. According to William of Malmesbury, these included spices, jewels, many swift horses, an elaborate onyx vase, a crown of solid gold, the sword of Constantine the Great, Charlemagne's lance and a piece of the Crown of Thorns.
Hugh’s relationship with Gerlotte (914-937), daughter of Theobald de Blois and Richilde de Bourges appears to be one of deep affection. During their relationship, Gerlotte was married to Hrolf Rollo Thurstan, "Brico" Briquebec (885-945)
and Hugh was still married to Eadgifu. Gerlotte’s marriage was arranged by Hugh the Great and her father undoubtedly for protection and connections as well. Her Theobald was the vassal of Hugh the Great, duke of the Franks and count of Paris, and one of the most powerful man in the kingdom of France. Not only protection was afforded Hugh and Gerlotte, their pseudo marriages allowed them to be together without raising suspicion among his many enemies. After Brico's death in 945, the children of Gerlotte and Hugh inherited his vast holdings.
Gerlotte mother, Richilde de Bourges, was the half-sister of Judith of Maine, the first wife of Hugh the Great. His children with Gerlotte were: 1) Anslech 'Lancelot' de Bricquebec b. c933 m. Gillette de Beaulac de Tillières; 2) Eremberge de Bricquebec b. c935 m. Torf Pont-Audemer; and 3) Ansfrid I "the Dane" de Bricquebec b. c937 m. Helloe de Beaulac de Tillières. After the death of Gerlotte in 937, Hugh married Hedwig, daughter of Henry the Fowler, king (c876-7/2/936) Duke of Saxony from 912 and the King of East Francia from 919, and Matilda of Ringelheim. He turned down the crown of France three times and ruled France in between kings. His children with Hedwig were: 1. Beatrice (c938-) m. Frederick I, Duke of Upper Lorraine; 2. Hugh Capet (c940–996) m. Adelaide of Aquitaine; 3. Emma (c942–3/19/968) m. Richard I, duke of Normandy, this marriage never consummated, it was purely for the protection of Richard I, Emma died at age 26 childless; 4. Otto, Duke of Burgundy (c944-2/22/963); 5. Odo-Henry (Henry I, Duke of Burgundy) (946–1002). The kings of Frances are of the rare Y-DNA haplogroup G2a as the ancestors of Ansfrid I.
Hugh the Great's son, Hugh Capet (940-10/24/996) was the first King of the Franks of the House of Capet from his election in 987 until his death. He succeeded the Carolingian king, Louis V. His election to king came after having to provide proof to the church council of his claim to the Merovingian ancestry. King Robert V's grandson, Hugh Capet, was asked by church council, called by Archbishop Adalbero of Rheims, to provide proof of his lineage to the last king of Neustria (later Normandy). Upon receipt of this proof, he was unanimously elected the new king of the Franks (later France). His proof aside, he was a direct descendant of Clothair I, his father King Robert V of West Francia married Beatrice (880-3/26/931), daughter of Herbert I, Count of Vermandois, son of Pepin II of Vermandois, grandson of King Bernard of Italy, great grandson of Pepin-Carloman, King of Italy, and great great grandson of Charlemagne.
Hugh the Great’s marriages were masterfully selected to provide him with ultimate protection and connections. Due to his first two wives dying childless, it appears these marriages were in name only. His marriage to Eadgifu protected the West Franks from falling into the hands of potential rivals for the Frankish throne. In 926 Edward's son, king Æthelstan, received an embassy from his cousin, Adelolf, Count of Boulogne, on behalf of Hugh, and Æthelstan agreed to give his half-sister, Eadhild, in marriage in return for an enormous quantity of gifts and relics. According to William of Malmesbury, these included spices, jewels, many swift horses, an elaborate onyx vase, a crown of solid gold, the sword of Constantine the Great, Charlemagne's lance and a piece of the Crown of Thorns.
Hugh’s relationship with Gerlotte (914-937), daughter of Theobald de Blois and Richilde de Bourges appears to be one of deep affection. During their relationship, Gerlotte was married to Hrolf Rollo Thurstan, "Brico" Briquebec (885-945)
and Hugh was still married to Eadgifu. Gerlotte’s marriage was arranged by Hugh the Great and her father undoubtedly for protection and connections as well. Her Theobald was the vassal of Hugh the Great, duke of the Franks and count of Paris, and one of the most powerful man in the kingdom of France. Not only protection was afforded Hugh and Gerlotte, their pseudo marriages allowed them to be together without raising suspicion among his many enemies. After Brico's death in 945, the children of Gerlotte and Hugh inherited his vast holdings.
Gerlotte mother, Richilde de Bourges, was the half-sister of Judith of Maine, the first wife of Hugh the Great. His children with Gerlotte were: 1) Anslech 'Lancelot' de Bricquebec b. c933 m. Gillette de Beaulac de Tillières; 2) Eremberge de Bricquebec b. c935 m. Torf Pont-Audemer; and 3) Ansfrid I "the Dane" de Bricquebec b. c937 m. Helloe de Beaulac de Tillières. After the death of Gerlotte in 937, Hugh married Hedwig, daughter of Henry the Fowler, king (c876-7/2/936) Duke of Saxony from 912 and the King of East Francia from 919, and Matilda of Ringelheim. He turned down the crown of France three times and ruled France in between kings. His children with Hedwig were: 1. Beatrice (c938-) m. Frederick I, Duke of Upper Lorraine; 2. Hugh Capet (c940–996) m. Adelaide of Aquitaine; 3. Emma (c942–3/19/968) m. Richard I, duke of Normandy, this marriage never consummated, it was purely for the protection of Richard I, Emma died at age 26 childless; 4. Otto, Duke of Burgundy (c944-2/22/963); 5. Odo-Henry (Henry I, Duke of Burgundy) (946–1002). The kings of Frances are of the rare Y-DNA haplogroup G2a as the ancestors of Ansfrid I.
Hugh the Great's son, Hugh Capet (940-10/24/996) was the first King of the Franks of the House of Capet from his election in 987 until his death. He succeeded the Carolingian king, Louis V. His election to king came after having to provide proof to the church council of his claim to the Merovingian ancestry. King Robert V's grandson, Hugh Capet, was asked by church council, called by Archbishop Adalbero of Rheims, to provide proof of his lineage to the last king of Neustria (later Normandy). Upon receipt of this proof, he was unanimously elected the new king of the Franks (later France). His proof aside, he was a direct descendant of Clothair I, his father King Robert V of West Francia married Beatrice (880-3/26/931), daughter of Herbert I, Count of Vermandois, son of Pepin II of Vermandois, grandson of King Bernard of Italy, great grandson of Pepin-Carloman, King of Italy, and great great grandson of Charlemagne.
G2 haplotype (P287+) appeared about 30,000 years ago and surviving G members are descendants of a relict population of hunter-gatherers that survived the ice age. The oldest skeletons confirmed by DNA testing as G2a were five found in the Avellaner cave burial site in Spain, radiocarbon dated to about 7000 years ago. The map shows were the Ligures were living close to these areas. According to the historian Diodorus Siculus and geographer Strabo, the area's first permanent settlers were the mountain-dwelling Ligures, who emigrated from the city of Genoa, Italy. The Phocaeans of Massalia founded the colony of Monoikos, named for its Ligurian inhabitants, in the 6th century BCE in the area now known as Monaco. Monoikos, associated with Hercules, venerated in this location alone as Hercules Monoecus. According to the "travels of Hercules" theme, also documented by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo, both Greeks and native Ligurian people asserted that Hercules passed through the area. G2a is at 20-40% in Sardinia and Caucasus, 15-20% in Turkey and Italy and 12-15% in Spain, Portugal, France and Iran.
The Ligurians were employed as mercenary troops and are mentioned in the army of the Carthaginian general Hamilcar I in 480 BC. The Romans wrote about them: Ligurian tribes, now shorn, in ancient days, First of the long-haired nations, on whose necks, Once flowed the auburn locks in pride supreme. They are described as physically active, strong, ferocious warriors, enduring, curved noses, short in stature, olive-skinned, speaking an Indo-European language, long beards, clothed in sheepskins and fur of wild animals. Their skull type was dolichocephalic or long-headed based on examination of their ancient remains. Roman records described them as smaller framed than the Gauls, but physically stronger, more ferocious and fiercer as warriors. Diodorus and Strabo describe them as small but possessing muscles of incredible elasticity.
Plutarch writes that Marius claimed Ligurians and the Ambrones were of the same stock and from the earliest period the Ligurians have been a nation of sailors and merchants. The Ligurian Ambrones were known to be a steady presence across the Swiss Canton of Uri and the Bernese Alps as far as the Rhine, where we find the Armenians who are also known to be of the same stock as the Ambrones and the Sicambri of the Franconia. National history of France, Vol. 1, 1967, By Frantz Funck-Brentano, p. 19.
In (c. 61 AD) Plutarch, Marius, XI writes: Scythians and a people called the Cimbri, were some of the German peoples from as far as the northern ocean, as determined by their great stature, light-blue eyes, and the Germans calling robbers Cimbri. “The Ligurians and Cimbres among the Franks were the Sicambri.” Ancient migrations and royal houses, By Gabriel Montgomery, 1968, p. 14. The race of Leleges / Ligyes / Ligurians / Ligerians / Lloegrians, established their line of occupation from the Humber-land of England across France to the Alps, the Tyrol, and the seaboard of Genoa, and also found their way to the southern regions of Italy and Greece, probably by the western coast of the former peninsula. Cambridge-Essays Contributed by Members of the University, p. 35.
The warlike Ligurians are said to have sprung from the giants of Thrace (an area now split among Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey). The Thracians had spread themselves over different and distant countries at an early period. Some of them had settled in these parts of Italy. The brave Ligurians vigorously opposed the progress of their invaders. The European Magazine: And London Review, Vol. 32, 1802, p. 46.
The Ambrones (often called Ligurians) and Phoenicians (originally called Sidonians because they were from Sidon, the Greeks named them Phoencians), inhabitants of Genoa, (known as Liguria), became Mediterranean pirates and were referred to as Thyrrenoi by the Greeks. Further, they were employed as mercenaries. A version of this story appears in Hercules' Tenth Labour, where Zeus sent him a hail of stones to throw at his Ligurian enemies. Italian Riviera and Piedmont By Dana Facaros, Michael Pauls, p. 8. “Called Ligures, .... they started to expand their trade and influence to the south, becoming the terrible pirates the Greeks called Thyrrenoi.” Piracy and Maritime Terrorism: Logistics, Strategies, Scenarios edited by Silvia Ciotti Galletti, p. 213.
Israeli and Greek mythology shares the belief that the loss of hair means the loss of strength. Sampson told Delilah that he will lose his strength with the loss of his hair. He also saw that bees had nested in the carcass of the lion he killed and made honey. King Childeric, greatly feared losing his power through the loss of his hair. The Ligurians merged with the Salian Franks and took the Merovingian name in honor of Merovech, the leader of the Salian Franks. The Ligurian bee was named for its origin in the Ligurian Alps in the days of the Roman Empire.
In Greek mythology, Eurystheus was king of Tiryns, one of three Mycenaean strongholds in the Argolid. Tiryns was a hill fort with occupation ranging back seven thousand years, from before the beginning of the Bronze Age. It reached its height between 1400 and 1200 BCE, when it was one of the most important centers of the Mycenaean world, and in particular in Argolis. Its most notable features were its palace. King Eurystheus decided Hercules' first task would be to bring him the skin of an invulnerable lion which terrorized the hills around Nemea and Tiryns.
Stories about Herakles, the following incidents could be explained. The lion in whose carcass bees made honey (Judg 14:5-18) - an impossibility in real life - represented the hostile side of the sun which Samson the son-god had killed. A parallel was the story of Herakles burning himself to death and rising from the flames to Olympus. Hebrew Bible / Old Testament III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism, Edited by Magne Saebo.
Positioned on the coast of the Mediterranean, the Ligurians became known to ancient Navigators before the populations of Gaul. Ausonius-Committee for Historical and Scientific Work, By Attilio Mastine, (2006) p. 309-326. There appears to have been a shift in the center of activity from around the circle of the Irish Sea back to the British mainland which is discernible by the material culture of Britain during the third-quarter of the Late Bronze Age, which was very likely brought about due to the attacks of the Greek Sea-Peoples, the Phoenicians, and the Ligurians. The British Chronicles, Volume 1, By David Hughes, p. 26. A Phoenician legend declared they were the offspring of Albione and Ligure, sons of the sea god Poseidon, who were overcome at the Foce del Rodano by a mighty hail of pebbles. At the present, it is unknown how the Phoenicians were associated with the Ligurians.
HOW LIGURIAN HAPLOGROUP G2A HALLS SPREAD ACROSS THE GLOBE: "Ligurians in north-eastern Spain ... are said to have extended at one time as far north as the Loire." "The Ligurians of Roman times were a small, active, hardy, dark-complexioned race Ligurians, nevertheless in north-east Spain the Ligyes proper had long had a foothold." The Early Age of Greece, By Sir William Ridgeway, 1901, pp. 215 and 251. Ligurians in Northern Portugal bordering Spain was called Ligurian by the Greek geographer Eratosthenes (c276-195 BC). Ligurians of Central and southern Italy (Apennines) gave their name to the Ligurian Alps, the Ligurian Apennines, and the Ligurian Sea. Ligurians of Sardinia in Italy were located in the Western Mediterranean and according to historian Ettore Pais and archeologist Giovanni Ugas, the Corsi probably belong to the Ligurian people. The Leleges, and their brethern the Carians, were of old closely allied to the Pelasgi, and Strabo says their language contained a great many Greek words. Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind - Vol. 3, James Cowles Prichard, p. 487. Ligurians of Crete the Gagauzes of Moldova dwelt in all the islands under the name of Leleges in the time of Minos and had been his subjects; they had assailed Attica; they had once been islanders but by the aid of the Cretans they began to form settlements on the mainland. The Early Age of Greece, pp. 186, 190. Inspection of D’Anville's map of ancient Gaul, Ligurians occupied the provinces of Auvergne, Bresse, the Lyonnois, and Bourbonnois, bordering on the country of the Allobroges or Dauphiné and Savoy; and the Arverni, the most powerful of these tribes. The Ligurians of Switzerland according to the Epitome of Livy (Ep. 68) mentions the Teutones and Ambrones as the names of the barbarians whom Marius defeated east of the Rhone; and also Plutarch (Plut. Mar. 100.19) and that Ambrones is also a name of the Ligures. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) William Smith, LLD, Ed. The Ligurians of Sicily in prehistoric times occupied an area from the isles of Britain to the east coast of Italy were they were intruded upon by their kindred race of Leleges who established their line of occupation from this Humber-land of England across France to the Alps, the Tyrol. The Sicilians were Ligurians who had been driven southwards by the Umbrians and Pelasgians (Dionys. Hal. I. 22) Varronianus, By John William Donaldson, p. 73. The Phoenicians traded bronze for amber with the Ligurians between the13th and 6th centuries BCE. Archaeomineralogy, By George R. Rapp, 2013, p. 112. When Hecataeus of Miletus wrote about Monaco about 500 BC, he mentions Monaco as a town of Liguria that Hercules of Thebes founded is generally admitted and ancient authors speak of its port as portus Herculis Monoeci. The History of Monaco Past and Present, By H Pemberton p. 1. The Ligurians of Anatolia (Turkey), called Leleges, were one of the aboriginal peoples of the Aegean littoral (Turkey), distinct from the Pelasgians, the Bronze Age Greeks, the Cretan Minoans, the Cycladic Telkhines, and the Tyrrhenians. In Homer's Iliad, the Leleges are allies of the Trojans (10.429). Wikipedia, Leleges. Androclus and his Ionian followers had been preceded on the coast by the Lelegians, one of the aboriginal peoples of the Aegean littoral who worshiped the Anatolian maternal fertility goddess Cybele. Strabo points out that the Carians and Leleges had once occupied the islands, and that the Leleges had dwelt once in the Troad on the Gulf of Adramyttium as subjects of King Altes. The Early Age of Greece - p. 186.
THE CARIAN TRIBES G2A HALLS
Herodotus, a Greek historian, was born in modern day Bodrum, Turkey, and lived 484-425 BC and is the earliest extant source for a link between Caria and Crete. He tells us the Carians, Mysians and Lydians are of the same origin and when the Carians were living amid the Cyclades they were known as Lelege. The Cyclades are made of more than two hundred small islands with the most important being Naxos, Melos, Paros, Thera, Siphnos, Ios, Kea, Andros, Tenos and Mykonos. The islands display evidence of settlement from as early as 5000 BCE, most probably by voyagers from Asia Minor. Ancient tradition tells us three nations were descended from three brothers named Lydus, Mysus, and Cares. Caunians, and Lycians, appear to have possessed the southern coast of Asia Minor, as well as the islands of the Aegean, and even Crete. In the islands the Cares were termed Leleges, and they were subject to Minos. But on the Asiatic coast, where, according to their own statement, they had always dwelt, they had retained the original name of Carians.
The Carians and the Lelegians, who inhabited the area before the Ionians, worshiped the goddess Artemis at the temple in Ephesus and called her the Great mother. Temple of Artemis - Wikipedia. Strabo says, “the Carians were formerly islanders, and after called Leleges, till, with the aid of the Cretans, they gained possession of the continent and built towns in Caria, and the country afterwards called Lycia. These colonists were under the command of Sarpedon, whom Homer makes to be a native Lycian. Leleges, were themselves chiefly Leleges and Pelasgi. Researches into the physical history of mankind, Vol. 2, By James Cowles Prichard, pp. 47-51.
The Cult Statue of Artemis of Ephesus was the first edifice of its size to be created entirely from marble. Pliney the Elder in XXXVI.21 says it took 120 years to build and was situated outside the city walls on marshy land. It was 425 feet long by 225 feet wide, with 124 60-feet high columns. It was built more than once partly as a result of such natural events as floods, and expanded over time. The legendarily wealthy king Croesus dedicated many of its columns. "As for the temple of Artemis, its first architect was Chersiphron; and then another man made it larger. But when it was set on fire by a certain Herostratus, the citizens erected another and better one, having collected the ornaments of the women and their own individual belongings, and having sold also the pillars of the former temple." Strabo 14.1.22.
Plutarch writes that Marius claimed Ligurians and the Ambrones were of the same stock and from the earliest period the Ligurians have been a nation of sailors and merchants. The Ligurian Ambrones were known to be a steady presence across the Swiss Canton of Uri and the Bernese Alps as far as the Rhine, where we find the Armenians who are also known to be of the same stock as the Ambrones and the Sicambri of the Franconia. National history of France, Vol. 1, 1967, By Frantz Funck-Brentano, p. 19.
In (c. 61 AD) Plutarch, Marius, XI writes: Scythians and a people called the Cimbri, were some of the German peoples from as far as the northern ocean, as determined by their great stature, light-blue eyes, and the Germans calling robbers Cimbri. “The Ligurians and Cimbres among the Franks were the Sicambri.” Ancient migrations and royal houses, By Gabriel Montgomery, 1968, p. 14. The race of Leleges / Ligyes / Ligurians / Ligerians / Lloegrians, established their line of occupation from the Humber-land of England across France to the Alps, the Tyrol, and the seaboard of Genoa, and also found their way to the southern regions of Italy and Greece, probably by the western coast of the former peninsula. Cambridge-Essays Contributed by Members of the University, p. 35.
The warlike Ligurians are said to have sprung from the giants of Thrace (an area now split among Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey). The Thracians had spread themselves over different and distant countries at an early period. Some of them had settled in these parts of Italy. The brave Ligurians vigorously opposed the progress of their invaders. The European Magazine: And London Review, Vol. 32, 1802, p. 46.
The Ambrones (often called Ligurians) and Phoenicians (originally called Sidonians because they were from Sidon, the Greeks named them Phoencians), inhabitants of Genoa, (known as Liguria), became Mediterranean pirates and were referred to as Thyrrenoi by the Greeks. Further, they were employed as mercenaries. A version of this story appears in Hercules' Tenth Labour, where Zeus sent him a hail of stones to throw at his Ligurian enemies. Italian Riviera and Piedmont By Dana Facaros, Michael Pauls, p. 8. “Called Ligures, .... they started to expand their trade and influence to the south, becoming the terrible pirates the Greeks called Thyrrenoi.” Piracy and Maritime Terrorism: Logistics, Strategies, Scenarios edited by Silvia Ciotti Galletti, p. 213.
Israeli and Greek mythology shares the belief that the loss of hair means the loss of strength. Sampson told Delilah that he will lose his strength with the loss of his hair. He also saw that bees had nested in the carcass of the lion he killed and made honey. King Childeric, greatly feared losing his power through the loss of his hair. The Ligurians merged with the Salian Franks and took the Merovingian name in honor of Merovech, the leader of the Salian Franks. The Ligurian bee was named for its origin in the Ligurian Alps in the days of the Roman Empire.
In Greek mythology, Eurystheus was king of Tiryns, one of three Mycenaean strongholds in the Argolid. Tiryns was a hill fort with occupation ranging back seven thousand years, from before the beginning of the Bronze Age. It reached its height between 1400 and 1200 BCE, when it was one of the most important centers of the Mycenaean world, and in particular in Argolis. Its most notable features were its palace. King Eurystheus decided Hercules' first task would be to bring him the skin of an invulnerable lion which terrorized the hills around Nemea and Tiryns.
Stories about Herakles, the following incidents could be explained. The lion in whose carcass bees made honey (Judg 14:5-18) - an impossibility in real life - represented the hostile side of the sun which Samson the son-god had killed. A parallel was the story of Herakles burning himself to death and rising from the flames to Olympus. Hebrew Bible / Old Testament III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism, Edited by Magne Saebo.
Positioned on the coast of the Mediterranean, the Ligurians became known to ancient Navigators before the populations of Gaul. Ausonius-Committee for Historical and Scientific Work, By Attilio Mastine, (2006) p. 309-326. There appears to have been a shift in the center of activity from around the circle of the Irish Sea back to the British mainland which is discernible by the material culture of Britain during the third-quarter of the Late Bronze Age, which was very likely brought about due to the attacks of the Greek Sea-Peoples, the Phoenicians, and the Ligurians. The British Chronicles, Volume 1, By David Hughes, p. 26. A Phoenician legend declared they were the offspring of Albione and Ligure, sons of the sea god Poseidon, who were overcome at the Foce del Rodano by a mighty hail of pebbles. At the present, it is unknown how the Phoenicians were associated with the Ligurians.
HOW LIGURIAN HAPLOGROUP G2A HALLS SPREAD ACROSS THE GLOBE: "Ligurians in north-eastern Spain ... are said to have extended at one time as far north as the Loire." "The Ligurians of Roman times were a small, active, hardy, dark-complexioned race Ligurians, nevertheless in north-east Spain the Ligyes proper had long had a foothold." The Early Age of Greece, By Sir William Ridgeway, 1901, pp. 215 and 251. Ligurians in Northern Portugal bordering Spain was called Ligurian by the Greek geographer Eratosthenes (c276-195 BC). Ligurians of Central and southern Italy (Apennines) gave their name to the Ligurian Alps, the Ligurian Apennines, and the Ligurian Sea. Ligurians of Sardinia in Italy were located in the Western Mediterranean and according to historian Ettore Pais and archeologist Giovanni Ugas, the Corsi probably belong to the Ligurian people. The Leleges, and their brethern the Carians, were of old closely allied to the Pelasgi, and Strabo says their language contained a great many Greek words. Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind - Vol. 3, James Cowles Prichard, p. 487. Ligurians of Crete the Gagauzes of Moldova dwelt in all the islands under the name of Leleges in the time of Minos and had been his subjects; they had assailed Attica; they had once been islanders but by the aid of the Cretans they began to form settlements on the mainland. The Early Age of Greece, pp. 186, 190. Inspection of D’Anville's map of ancient Gaul, Ligurians occupied the provinces of Auvergne, Bresse, the Lyonnois, and Bourbonnois, bordering on the country of the Allobroges or Dauphiné and Savoy; and the Arverni, the most powerful of these tribes. The Ligurians of Switzerland according to the Epitome of Livy (Ep. 68) mentions the Teutones and Ambrones as the names of the barbarians whom Marius defeated east of the Rhone; and also Plutarch (Plut. Mar. 100.19) and that Ambrones is also a name of the Ligures. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) William Smith, LLD, Ed. The Ligurians of Sicily in prehistoric times occupied an area from the isles of Britain to the east coast of Italy were they were intruded upon by their kindred race of Leleges who established their line of occupation from this Humber-land of England across France to the Alps, the Tyrol. The Sicilians were Ligurians who had been driven southwards by the Umbrians and Pelasgians (Dionys. Hal. I. 22) Varronianus, By John William Donaldson, p. 73. The Phoenicians traded bronze for amber with the Ligurians between the13th and 6th centuries BCE. Archaeomineralogy, By George R. Rapp, 2013, p. 112. When Hecataeus of Miletus wrote about Monaco about 500 BC, he mentions Monaco as a town of Liguria that Hercules of Thebes founded is generally admitted and ancient authors speak of its port as portus Herculis Monoeci. The History of Monaco Past and Present, By H Pemberton p. 1. The Ligurians of Anatolia (Turkey), called Leleges, were one of the aboriginal peoples of the Aegean littoral (Turkey), distinct from the Pelasgians, the Bronze Age Greeks, the Cretan Minoans, the Cycladic Telkhines, and the Tyrrhenians. In Homer's Iliad, the Leleges are allies of the Trojans (10.429). Wikipedia, Leleges. Androclus and his Ionian followers had been preceded on the coast by the Lelegians, one of the aboriginal peoples of the Aegean littoral who worshiped the Anatolian maternal fertility goddess Cybele. Strabo points out that the Carians and Leleges had once occupied the islands, and that the Leleges had dwelt once in the Troad on the Gulf of Adramyttium as subjects of King Altes. The Early Age of Greece - p. 186.
THE CARIAN TRIBES G2A HALLS
Herodotus, a Greek historian, was born in modern day Bodrum, Turkey, and lived 484-425 BC and is the earliest extant source for a link between Caria and Crete. He tells us the Carians, Mysians and Lydians are of the same origin and when the Carians were living amid the Cyclades they were known as Lelege. The Cyclades are made of more than two hundred small islands with the most important being Naxos, Melos, Paros, Thera, Siphnos, Ios, Kea, Andros, Tenos and Mykonos. The islands display evidence of settlement from as early as 5000 BCE, most probably by voyagers from Asia Minor. Ancient tradition tells us three nations were descended from three brothers named Lydus, Mysus, and Cares. Caunians, and Lycians, appear to have possessed the southern coast of Asia Minor, as well as the islands of the Aegean, and even Crete. In the islands the Cares were termed Leleges, and they were subject to Minos. But on the Asiatic coast, where, according to their own statement, they had always dwelt, they had retained the original name of Carians.
The Carians and the Lelegians, who inhabited the area before the Ionians, worshiped the goddess Artemis at the temple in Ephesus and called her the Great mother. Temple of Artemis - Wikipedia. Strabo says, “the Carians were formerly islanders, and after called Leleges, till, with the aid of the Cretans, they gained possession of the continent and built towns in Caria, and the country afterwards called Lycia. These colonists were under the command of Sarpedon, whom Homer makes to be a native Lycian. Leleges, were themselves chiefly Leleges and Pelasgi. Researches into the physical history of mankind, Vol. 2, By James Cowles Prichard, pp. 47-51.
The Cult Statue of Artemis of Ephesus was the first edifice of its size to be created entirely from marble. Pliney the Elder in XXXVI.21 says it took 120 years to build and was situated outside the city walls on marshy land. It was 425 feet long by 225 feet wide, with 124 60-feet high columns. It was built more than once partly as a result of such natural events as floods, and expanded over time. The legendarily wealthy king Croesus dedicated many of its columns. "As for the temple of Artemis, its first architect was Chersiphron; and then another man made it larger. But when it was set on fire by a certain Herostratus, the citizens erected another and better one, having collected the ornaments of the women and their own individual belongings, and having sold also the pillars of the former temple." Strabo 14.1.22.
"But all cities worship Artemis of Ephesus, and individuals hold her in honor above all the gods. ... Three other points as well have contributed to her renown, the size of the temple, surpassing all buildings among men, the eminence of the city of the Ephesians and the renown of the goddess who dwells there." 1918 Loeb translation, by W. H. S. Jones. Priests and Priestesses dressed as Bee's to worship the Divine Bee Goddess in Ancient Sumer as shown below.
In Artemis we have our most renowned bee patroness. As the goddess of nature and the hunt, forests, hills, rocks and rivers, she oversaw the home territory of wild bees. A particularly fascinating part of her history is her temple community, in Ionia, at Ephesus, today’s Turkey. Some believe it was a matriarchal community of beekeeping priestesses that worshiped Artemis. In her Ephesus form, she’s depicted covered in breast or egg-like carvings, that for a beekeeper, can only resemble the cells queen bees are born from in the hive. At her feet are two Omphalos stones.
The Carians are described by Herodotos as being of Minoan descent, (The Histories, Book I, Section 171), while the Carians themselves maintained that they were Anatolian mainlanders intensely engaged in seafaring and were akin to the Mysians and the Lydians, research shows they were actually both. According to Eupedia Genetics, (under Haplogroup J2 Y-DNA), Modern Cretans have the highest percentage of haplogroup G2a (11%).
The Minoan people lived in Crete and were called Cretans. Their civilization flourished from about 2000 BC until disappearing around 1400 BC. We know about the Minoan civilization because of the work of archaeologists who began excavating Minoan sites in about 1900. Previously the Minoans were known only through legends and some references in the writings of ancient Greek authors. What the archaeologists found shows us that the Minoans had developed a civilized way of life. They were good sailors and traded widely with other Mediterranean peoples, including the Egyptians. Medicine Through Time By Nigel Kelly, Bob Rees, Paul Shuter, p. 3.1.
Evidence suggests that the Minoans emerged from a fusion between existing Cretan inhabitants and invaders from Asia Minor during the era 2900 - 2200 BCE. These people became master seafarers and built a society inspired partly by contact with the Egyptian Old Kingdom. By about 1900 BCE, the Minoans were acquiring an Aegean Sea empire and were constructing palaces on Crete - at Knossos, Phaistos, Mallia, and Khania - that were bigger and more elaborate than any buildings outside the Near East. So confident were the Minoans in their naval power that they declined to encircle their palaces with defensive walls. Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World, By David Sacks, Oswyn Murry, Lisa R. Brody, p. 211.
The Minoans held the Bee sacred and featured it prominently in their mythology. Not only did they believe that honey was ‘the food of the gods’ and that Bees were born of bulls, they believed that Bees were intricately entwined in the everyday lives of their gods. Take for example Zeus, the Greek ‘King of the Gods’ who was born in a cave and raised by Bees, earning him the title Melissaios, or Beeman. Similarly Dionysus, the Greek god of ritual madness, ecstasy, and wine was called the Bull God and was fed honey as a baby by the nymph Makris, daughter of Aristaeus, the protector of flocks and Bees. Dionysus was said to have assumed the form of a bull before being torn to pieces and reborn as a Bee. Beewildered, By Andrew Gough.
Lydia, a name derived from its first King Lydus according to Herodotus but also known as Maeonia, occupied the western region of Asia Minor. Sardis was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, The Greek historian and father of history, Herodotus, notes that the city was founded by the sons of Hercules, the Heraclides. According to Herodotus, a king Gyges founded Lydia's Mermnad dynasty, initiating Lydia's rise to greatness (which coincided with the demise of Phrygia). Like the Phrygian king Midas before him, Gyges made a dedication to the Greek oracle at Delphi. Kingdoms of Ruin: The Art and Architectural Splendours of Ancient Turkey By Jeremy Stafford-Deitsch, p. 66.
The later Anatolian languages of Asia Minor are descendants of Hittite and Luwian: these are Lydian and Lycian, attested in alphabetic documents of classical times Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical ... By Thomas V. Gamkrelidze, Vjaceslav V. Ivanov, p. lxi. It is likely that the Indo-European forebears of the later speakers of Hittite, Palaic, Luwian and Lydian entered Anatolia together, following a common route, because the Anatolia languages share a considerable number of losses as well as innovations that presuppose a long common past. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Marcopædia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., p. 608.
The last, and much the largest subdivision of No Anatolia, or Asia Minor, is called Anatolia Proper, and contains many fine provinces within it, viz. 1. Pontus and Paphlagonia, 2. Galatia, 3. Phrygia Major, 4. Lydia or Moeonia, 5. Doris, 6. Caria, 7. Ionia, 8. Aeolis, 9. Mysia and Phrygia, I0. Bithynia. Modern History, Or, The Present State of All Nations, Vol. 1, By Thomas Salmon, p. 470. The western neighbors of the Hittites are fairly well-known by name. The term Luwiya in Hittite documents soon disappears and is seemingly replaced by the largely synonymous use of the name of the most influential Luwian kingdom: Arzawa. Petty States in Western Asia Minor, Luwian Studies.
In Greek historical times the name ‘Asia’ was initially tied to Lydia, but the expansion of the term Asia by the Ionian geographers to describe a continent was only possible because in the memory of the inhabitants of western Anatolia, a once larger “Asia” lived on. This country Asia, as it was called by the population already during the second half of the 2nd millennium BCE, was referred to as Aššuua [an alliance of Luwian petty kingdoms] by the Hittites of the great kingdom and it included at times almost the entire west coast of Anatolia. It was an entity to be considered a mighty power that maintained active trading relations with distant Egypt and was not afraid of armed raids against the Hittites. … The Mycenaean Greeks, whose immigration into western Asia Minor began around 1500 BCE, heard the name “Asia” from local people at a time when it referred to a great realm whose extent to the east could not be fathomed by the first Greek settlers near the sea. Helmut Theodor Bossert 1946, IV.
Egypt and Sumeria - While living in Sumeria, many kings of local city-states are shown to have had Hittite and Luwian names in the Late Bronze-Early Iron transition period. New World Encyclopedia. Archaeological and toponymic evidence have suggested that the first Indo-European elements, the Luwians, may have arrived in Anatolia from the west at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age (c. 3300 BC). The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 2, edited by I.E.S. Edwards, and others, p. 230. Kizzuwatna and Arzawa (Western Anatolia) were known collectively as Luwia. Arzawa in the second half of the 2nd millennium BC (roughly from late 15th century BC until the beginning of the 12th century B.C.) was the name of a region and a political entity in Western Anatolia. The core of Arzawa is believed to have been located along the Kestros River (Menderes), with its capital at Apasa, later known as Ephesus. When the Hittites conquered Arzawa it was divided into three Hittite provinces:
According to the, Kingdom of Arzawa, By World Heritage Encyclopedia, known western Anatolian late-Bronze Age regions and / or political entities which, to date, have not been cited as having been part of the Arzawa complex are: Land of Masa/Masha (associable with Iron Age "Mysia"), Karkiya, (associable with Iron Age "Caria" and Lukka lands, (associable with Iron Age "Lycia").
The distinctive feature of the Empire period is the spread of Hittite - Luwian bilingualism to the higher social orders, indicating an ongoing language shift from Hittite to Empire Luwian. (Yakubovich 2010a: 303ff, pp. 396-410). The Luwian area, however, comprises the Arzawa countries which all scholars, regardless of differences in detail, say are located on the Mediterranean coast of Asia Minor. On the basis of proper names preserved in the Greek and Roman inscriptions it can be assumed to have extended from Lydia in the west to the confines of Syria in the east. There is a southern province called Mira along the Maeander River, which would later become known as Caria; the northern province called the Seha River Land, along the Gediz River, which would later become known as Lydia; an eastern province called Hapalla. Albrecht Goetze, 1940.
Other groups who inhabited the Tigris-Euphrates valley and Anatolia used cuneiform for languages such as Hurrian, Urartian, Hattic, Luvian, and Palaic. Scribes, Script, and Books: The Book Arts from Antiquity to the Renaissance, By Leila Avrin, p. 32. Luwian hieroglyphs were (almost) exclusively used for writing Luwian. The origin of the cuneiform used for Luwian and in Anatolia can be traced back to the system developed by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, which was later adopted for use with Akkadian and changed accordingly.
Prehistory of Anatoilia tells us, "... it is clear that some of the languages spoken in Asia Minor at the time when the Assyrians were trading at Kultepe were not indigenous. In particular, the mechanisms through which Hittite and related Indo-European languages of the Anatolian branch, which also include Luwian and Palaic, came to Asia Minor have raised considerable interest given that these are the oldest documented Indo-European languages. There is a broad consensus among paleo - philologists that Indo-European languages were spoken in the north Pontic steppes and that the first split occurred at around 4,000 B.C. An alternative minority view postulated by some archaeologists is that Asia Minor was in fact the homeland of Indo-European and that the language spread with the farming economy from about 6,500 B.C." The Prehistory of Asia Minor: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies, By Bleda During, p. 277.
If we place the Proto-Indo-European homeland of the fifth to fourth millennia B.C. within eastern Anatolia, the southern Caucasus, and northern Mesopotamia it becomes easier to explain the historical territories and migration routes of the major early Indo-European ethnic groups who first appear in ancient written documents: the Hittites and Luwians, the Indo - Iranians, the Greeks (the Cretans and Myceneans, and the Ahhiyawa of Hittite sources). On this account there is no need to assume that these people had covered vast distances in moving from their original territories; only small displacements need be posited. It is important that these dialects, which are the least removed from the Near Eastern homeland, are the earliest Indo-European dialects to be recorded in written documents. Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical ... By Thomas V. Gamkrelidze, Vjaceslav V. Ivanov, p. 791.
Researchers from Copenhagen University reported that blue eyes originated among people who lived north of the black sea prior to 10,000 years ago from a single mutation. “A genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 [HERC2 was later found to be inhibiting OCA2 expression] gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ‘switch’ which literally ‘turned off’ the ability to produce brown eyes", Eiberg said, These Proto-Indo-Europeans are often referred to as Aryans. “From this we can conclude that all blue-eyed individuals are linked to the same ancestor.” Source: Dr. Hans Eiberg, Journal of Human Genetics, Pub. 1/3/2008.
Core samples from the Black Sea indicate it was a freshwater lake 8,890 - 8,450 years ago and was about 400 feet lower than the current level. About this time the Bosphorus, a strait that forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia, failed to hold back rising water from melting glaciers, and salt water broke through causing massive flooding around the Black Sea. The resulting flood forced families to flee to the area of Mount Ararat and Lake Van. Some members of this same tribe continued on to the area of what would become Egypt. Noah’s Flood, By William Ryan and Walter Pitman, of the Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, NY.
The Minoan people lived in Crete and were called Cretans. Their civilization flourished from about 2000 BC until disappearing around 1400 BC. We know about the Minoan civilization because of the work of archaeologists who began excavating Minoan sites in about 1900. Previously the Minoans were known only through legends and some references in the writings of ancient Greek authors. What the archaeologists found shows us that the Minoans had developed a civilized way of life. They were good sailors and traded widely with other Mediterranean peoples, including the Egyptians. Medicine Through Time By Nigel Kelly, Bob Rees, Paul Shuter, p. 3.1.
Evidence suggests that the Minoans emerged from a fusion between existing Cretan inhabitants and invaders from Asia Minor during the era 2900 - 2200 BCE. These people became master seafarers and built a society inspired partly by contact with the Egyptian Old Kingdom. By about 1900 BCE, the Minoans were acquiring an Aegean Sea empire and were constructing palaces on Crete - at Knossos, Phaistos, Mallia, and Khania - that were bigger and more elaborate than any buildings outside the Near East. So confident were the Minoans in their naval power that they declined to encircle their palaces with defensive walls. Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World, By David Sacks, Oswyn Murry, Lisa R. Brody, p. 211.
The Minoans held the Bee sacred and featured it prominently in their mythology. Not only did they believe that honey was ‘the food of the gods’ and that Bees were born of bulls, they believed that Bees were intricately entwined in the everyday lives of their gods. Take for example Zeus, the Greek ‘King of the Gods’ who was born in a cave and raised by Bees, earning him the title Melissaios, or Beeman. Similarly Dionysus, the Greek god of ritual madness, ecstasy, and wine was called the Bull God and was fed honey as a baby by the nymph Makris, daughter of Aristaeus, the protector of flocks and Bees. Dionysus was said to have assumed the form of a bull before being torn to pieces and reborn as a Bee. Beewildered, By Andrew Gough.
Lydia, a name derived from its first King Lydus according to Herodotus but also known as Maeonia, occupied the western region of Asia Minor. Sardis was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, The Greek historian and father of history, Herodotus, notes that the city was founded by the sons of Hercules, the Heraclides. According to Herodotus, a king Gyges founded Lydia's Mermnad dynasty, initiating Lydia's rise to greatness (which coincided with the demise of Phrygia). Like the Phrygian king Midas before him, Gyges made a dedication to the Greek oracle at Delphi. Kingdoms of Ruin: The Art and Architectural Splendours of Ancient Turkey By Jeremy Stafford-Deitsch, p. 66.
The later Anatolian languages of Asia Minor are descendants of Hittite and Luwian: these are Lydian and Lycian, attested in alphabetic documents of classical times Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical ... By Thomas V. Gamkrelidze, Vjaceslav V. Ivanov, p. lxi. It is likely that the Indo-European forebears of the later speakers of Hittite, Palaic, Luwian and Lydian entered Anatolia together, following a common route, because the Anatolia languages share a considerable number of losses as well as innovations that presuppose a long common past. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Marcopædia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., p. 608.
The last, and much the largest subdivision of No Anatolia, or Asia Minor, is called Anatolia Proper, and contains many fine provinces within it, viz. 1. Pontus and Paphlagonia, 2. Galatia, 3. Phrygia Major, 4. Lydia or Moeonia, 5. Doris, 6. Caria, 7. Ionia, 8. Aeolis, 9. Mysia and Phrygia, I0. Bithynia. Modern History, Or, The Present State of All Nations, Vol. 1, By Thomas Salmon, p. 470. The western neighbors of the Hittites are fairly well-known by name. The term Luwiya in Hittite documents soon disappears and is seemingly replaced by the largely synonymous use of the name of the most influential Luwian kingdom: Arzawa. Petty States in Western Asia Minor, Luwian Studies.
In Greek historical times the name ‘Asia’ was initially tied to Lydia, but the expansion of the term Asia by the Ionian geographers to describe a continent was only possible because in the memory of the inhabitants of western Anatolia, a once larger “Asia” lived on. This country Asia, as it was called by the population already during the second half of the 2nd millennium BCE, was referred to as Aššuua [an alliance of Luwian petty kingdoms] by the Hittites of the great kingdom and it included at times almost the entire west coast of Anatolia. It was an entity to be considered a mighty power that maintained active trading relations with distant Egypt and was not afraid of armed raids against the Hittites. … The Mycenaean Greeks, whose immigration into western Asia Minor began around 1500 BCE, heard the name “Asia” from local people at a time when it referred to a great realm whose extent to the east could not be fathomed by the first Greek settlers near the sea. Helmut Theodor Bossert 1946, IV.
Egypt and Sumeria - While living in Sumeria, many kings of local city-states are shown to have had Hittite and Luwian names in the Late Bronze-Early Iron transition period. New World Encyclopedia. Archaeological and toponymic evidence have suggested that the first Indo-European elements, the Luwians, may have arrived in Anatolia from the west at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age (c. 3300 BC). The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 2, edited by I.E.S. Edwards, and others, p. 230. Kizzuwatna and Arzawa (Western Anatolia) were known collectively as Luwia. Arzawa in the second half of the 2nd millennium BC (roughly from late 15th century BC until the beginning of the 12th century B.C.) was the name of a region and a political entity in Western Anatolia. The core of Arzawa is believed to have been located along the Kestros River (Menderes), with its capital at Apasa, later known as Ephesus. When the Hittites conquered Arzawa it was divided into three Hittite provinces:
According to the, Kingdom of Arzawa, By World Heritage Encyclopedia, known western Anatolian late-Bronze Age regions and / or political entities which, to date, have not been cited as having been part of the Arzawa complex are: Land of Masa/Masha (associable with Iron Age "Mysia"), Karkiya, (associable with Iron Age "Caria" and Lukka lands, (associable with Iron Age "Lycia").
The distinctive feature of the Empire period is the spread of Hittite - Luwian bilingualism to the higher social orders, indicating an ongoing language shift from Hittite to Empire Luwian. (Yakubovich 2010a: 303ff, pp. 396-410). The Luwian area, however, comprises the Arzawa countries which all scholars, regardless of differences in detail, say are located on the Mediterranean coast of Asia Minor. On the basis of proper names preserved in the Greek and Roman inscriptions it can be assumed to have extended from Lydia in the west to the confines of Syria in the east. There is a southern province called Mira along the Maeander River, which would later become known as Caria; the northern province called the Seha River Land, along the Gediz River, which would later become known as Lydia; an eastern province called Hapalla. Albrecht Goetze, 1940.
Other groups who inhabited the Tigris-Euphrates valley and Anatolia used cuneiform for languages such as Hurrian, Urartian, Hattic, Luvian, and Palaic. Scribes, Script, and Books: The Book Arts from Antiquity to the Renaissance, By Leila Avrin, p. 32. Luwian hieroglyphs were (almost) exclusively used for writing Luwian. The origin of the cuneiform used for Luwian and in Anatolia can be traced back to the system developed by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, which was later adopted for use with Akkadian and changed accordingly.
Prehistory of Anatoilia tells us, "... it is clear that some of the languages spoken in Asia Minor at the time when the Assyrians were trading at Kultepe were not indigenous. In particular, the mechanisms through which Hittite and related Indo-European languages of the Anatolian branch, which also include Luwian and Palaic, came to Asia Minor have raised considerable interest given that these are the oldest documented Indo-European languages. There is a broad consensus among paleo - philologists that Indo-European languages were spoken in the north Pontic steppes and that the first split occurred at around 4,000 B.C. An alternative minority view postulated by some archaeologists is that Asia Minor was in fact the homeland of Indo-European and that the language spread with the farming economy from about 6,500 B.C." The Prehistory of Asia Minor: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies, By Bleda During, p. 277.
If we place the Proto-Indo-European homeland of the fifth to fourth millennia B.C. within eastern Anatolia, the southern Caucasus, and northern Mesopotamia it becomes easier to explain the historical territories and migration routes of the major early Indo-European ethnic groups who first appear in ancient written documents: the Hittites and Luwians, the Indo - Iranians, the Greeks (the Cretans and Myceneans, and the Ahhiyawa of Hittite sources). On this account there is no need to assume that these people had covered vast distances in moving from their original territories; only small displacements need be posited. It is important that these dialects, which are the least removed from the Near Eastern homeland, are the earliest Indo-European dialects to be recorded in written documents. Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical ... By Thomas V. Gamkrelidze, Vjaceslav V. Ivanov, p. 791.
Researchers from Copenhagen University reported that blue eyes originated among people who lived north of the black sea prior to 10,000 years ago from a single mutation. “A genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 [HERC2 was later found to be inhibiting OCA2 expression] gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ‘switch’ which literally ‘turned off’ the ability to produce brown eyes", Eiberg said, These Proto-Indo-Europeans are often referred to as Aryans. “From this we can conclude that all blue-eyed individuals are linked to the same ancestor.” Source: Dr. Hans Eiberg, Journal of Human Genetics, Pub. 1/3/2008.
Core samples from the Black Sea indicate it was a freshwater lake 8,890 - 8,450 years ago and was about 400 feet lower than the current level. About this time the Bosphorus, a strait that forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia, failed to hold back rising water from melting glaciers, and salt water broke through causing massive flooding around the Black Sea. The resulting flood forced families to flee to the area of Mount Ararat and Lake Van. Some members of this same tribe continued on to the area of what would become Egypt. Noah’s Flood, By William Ryan and Walter Pitman, of the Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, NY.
Den, the first royal pharaoh, used the "seal of the defensive bee" to represent power and strength seeking character. Queen Merneith, notable between the reigns of Djet and Den, used the bee sign to represent wealth and affluence, and the goddess Nut described a swarm of bees, encircling and devouring the king's enemy. In the Salt Magical Papyrus, it was written that bees were created from the tears of the sun-god Ra, whom the Egyptians believed to be the creator of the earth and the sea.
In Greek Mythology, after the birth of Zeus, King of the Gods, his father, King Kronos, wanted to destroy him, so his mother took him to a secret cave populated by sacred bees which fed the infant honey. The Israeli account of Samson gives immense strength to aid him against his enemies and allow him to perform superhuman feats, including slaying a lion with his bare hands. He later told Delilah that he will lose his strength with the loss of his hair. In Judges 14:5-18, NIV, Samson discovered in the carcass of the lion he killed, and within the carcass was a swarm of bees and honey.
Childeric (king of the Salian Franks from 457-481/2 A.D., father of Clovis I was buried with hundreds of pure gold bees with red glass wings and a gold bull's head. In AD 754 King Childeric III was deposed and imprisoned, and his hair was ritually shorn by the express command of the pope. The Merovingian bees inspired Napoleon, who departed from the fleur-de-lys used from the reign of Hugh Capet in the 10th century, and adopted them as the symbol of the French Empire. The signet ring bearing the words CHILDIRICI REGIS and the engraved portrait of the long-haired king, was key to identifying the treasure. The ring was stolen from the Cabinet des Médailles in the National Library of France in 1831, and was never recovered. Note: For more on this treasure see: The History Blog, The great find and great loss of Childeric's treasure.
The following maps (see dates in the upper right corner) indicate the Sumerians removed from the Black Sea area due to the war-like Scythians, and not because of uninhabitable weather as Sumerian Lu-dingir-Ra surmised. These maps show the Scythians and Sarmatians continued to live in the same area of the Black Sea long after the removal of the Sumerians. It appears the Sumerians left the area of the Black Sea roughly 6,000 years ago and upon arriving in Mesopotamia, naming their new home Sumer, located along the floodplains between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq and Syria. It also appears during that time, the pre-Merovingians were under the protection of the Scythian’s and both were able to peacefully co-exist along side the Sarmatians.
In Greek Mythology, after the birth of Zeus, King of the Gods, his father, King Kronos, wanted to destroy him, so his mother took him to a secret cave populated by sacred bees which fed the infant honey. The Israeli account of Samson gives immense strength to aid him against his enemies and allow him to perform superhuman feats, including slaying a lion with his bare hands. He later told Delilah that he will lose his strength with the loss of his hair. In Judges 14:5-18, NIV, Samson discovered in the carcass of the lion he killed, and within the carcass was a swarm of bees and honey.
Childeric (king of the Salian Franks from 457-481/2 A.D., father of Clovis I was buried with hundreds of pure gold bees with red glass wings and a gold bull's head. In AD 754 King Childeric III was deposed and imprisoned, and his hair was ritually shorn by the express command of the pope. The Merovingian bees inspired Napoleon, who departed from the fleur-de-lys used from the reign of Hugh Capet in the 10th century, and adopted them as the symbol of the French Empire. The signet ring bearing the words CHILDIRICI REGIS and the engraved portrait of the long-haired king, was key to identifying the treasure. The ring was stolen from the Cabinet des Médailles in the National Library of France in 1831, and was never recovered. Note: For more on this treasure see: The History Blog, The great find and great loss of Childeric's treasure.
The following maps (see dates in the upper right corner) indicate the Sumerians removed from the Black Sea area due to the war-like Scythians, and not because of uninhabitable weather as Sumerian Lu-dingir-Ra surmised. These maps show the Scythians and Sarmatians continued to live in the same area of the Black Sea long after the removal of the Sumerians. It appears the Sumerians left the area of the Black Sea roughly 6,000 years ago and upon arriving in Mesopotamia, naming their new home Sumer, located along the floodplains between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq and Syria. It also appears during that time, the pre-Merovingians were under the protection of the Scythian’s and both were able to peacefully co-exist along side the Sarmatians.
A 4,000 year-old inscription by Sumerian Lu-dingir-Ra states, "We migrated to where we are living now thousands of years ago, but they were unable to write down from where because they did not know how to write then. Later on inquisitive scribes and archivists in the royal palace studied the orally transmitted information in an attempt to find out about the past. Our people came to this land from a mountainous country to the northeast. But it is also said that some of them had come via sea from a land called Dilmun in the east. And the reason behind this migration is said to be the onset of an unexplained drought in their warm and rainy country. Great Enlil had some of us 'darkheads' settled here .... According to rumours and the results of my research as to why we have called ourselves 'darkheads' I found out that before our forefathers migrated here, blonde haired and blue-eyed people were living next to their country. I cannot visualise a person with blonde hair and blue eyes. And I don't think it would be nice. I have not seen any person like that in my country". It’s estimated the scribe Lu-dingir-Ra wrote his text around 2,550 BCE, and Sargon I (2,234-2,279 BCE) overtook Sumeria around 2,265 BCE, ending the Sumerian civilization.
Dilmun, and a second named place also called Aratta, is slightly southeast of Sumer and has been confused as being the original home of the Sumerians. Aratta-Ukraine was northwest of Sumer encompassing the Romanian Carpathian Mountains outside of Moldova. Lu-dingir-Ra was undoubtedly aware of their nearby trading partners Dilmun, and Aratta, while being unaware of the Aratta in present in Ukraine. The epic of Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta tells of the voyage by river to Aratta, a mountainous, mineral rich country up-river from Sumer, opposite of the Aratta near Dilmun. Theodore Poesche, an anthropologist, located remains of ancient people with blonde-hair and blue-eyes in Belarus and Ukraine and places the origin of Aryans in the Rokitno Marshes. It was initially in the Russian Empire, but now in much of southern Belarus and north-west Ukraine. This helps to confirm the Sumerian scribe Lu-dingir-Ra. Using the Sumerian Lu-dingir-Ra’s information, one can interpret that after being in the area of the Black Sea, the Sumerians removed from that area about 6,000 BCE to relocate to Sumer. Once there, they were able to overtake and absorbed the Ubaidian civilization and built what became the Sumerian city-states.
The Sumerians arrived in Mesopotamia and conquered the Ubaidians living there. They are referred to as Ubaidians because of the village of Al-Ubaid where their remains were found. Ubaidians had a large thriving settlement for thousands of years before the arrival of the Sumerians. The area soon after acquired the name Sumer and development of the Sumerian City-States. The Ubaidian culture is considered to be the earliest to have mastered irrigation, while the Sumerians were one of the first to develop a system of writing called cuneiform, (an etching onto clay tablets and fired in kilns).
The history of the ancient Near East begins with the rise of Sumer, and covers the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in the region, until it ends at the hands of the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire and the Muslim conquests in the 7th century A.D. Besides the creation of the first writing system, it also wrote law codes, early advances that laid the foundations of astronomy and mathematics, and the invention of the wheel. During the period, states became increasingly large, until the region became controlled by militaristic empires that had conquered a number of different cultures.
Sumerian religion was based around the worship of four life giving deities, "the god of heaven, the goddess of earth, the god of air and the god of water.” And, priests and priestesses dressed as bee's to worship the divine Bee Goddess. Source: March of the Titans, A History of the White Race, By Arthur Kemp, p. 48. There were six major Sumerian city-states: Eridu, Ur, Nippur, Lagash and Kish and Uruk. As their populations grew, these cities were often at war with each other over irrigated land to grow their crops. Each had a priest-king as their ruler and consisted of a thriving trading hub that boasted six miles of defensive walls and housed up to 80,000 individuals.
The peace and prosperity of the Sumerian city-states ended when they were conqueror by Sargon I (died 2279 BC) who marched his army through the region and conquered the city-states one by one and created the Akkadian empire. Akkadian over time replaced Sumerian as a spoken language, but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the first century AD. Sumerian language - Wikipedia.
Yuri Shilov, Ukrainian Academy of Science, states the origin of the Aratta-Ukraine civilization dates as far back as the 20th millennium BCE, and became a well-organized society prior to Sumeria and Egypt. The huge sandstone slab “Stone Library” of the scribes in Kamyana Mohyl, enclosed 60 grottos, and used Palaeolithic petroglyphs showing the cultural origins of Man's earliest myths, with proto-Sumerian, proto-cuneiform characters, and are the oldest known sanctuary-observatory in the world. This was a rich petroglyphic library of their law codes, deities, culture and histories. Dr. Mykhailo Videiko of the Kyiv Institute of Archaeology describes finding a Cucuteni - Trypillian culture village that was a settlement consisting of a large temple, human-like figurines and animal remains. Live Science reports it once covered 588 acres with more than 1,200 buildings and 50 streets. The culture extended from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dniester and Dnieper region, centered on Moldova, covering parts of western Ukraine and northeastern Romania. Haplogroup G2 is 10% and haplogroup R-M269 is 14.6% of the population here. These Trypillian builders were described as peaceful farmers and artisans with a culture similar to that described in Plato's dialogues, the "Timaeus" and the "Critias," written ca. 330 BC about Atlantis. They built circular cities, worshiped the bull, had red, white and black art motifs, built astronomical observatories and had hieroglyphic writing. It was described in the Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, as a fabulously wealthy place full of gold, silver, lapis lazuli and other precious materials with many talented artisans to craft them.
The history of the ancient Near East begins with the rise of Sumer, and covers the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in the region, until it ends at the hands of the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire and the Muslim conquests in the 7th century A.D. Besides the creation of the first writing system, it also wrote law codes, early advances that laid the foundations of astronomy and mathematics, and the invention of the wheel. During the period, states became increasingly large, until the region became controlled by militaristic empires that had conquered a number of different cultures.
Sumerian religion was based around the worship of four life giving deities, "the god of heaven, the goddess of earth, the god of air and the god of water.” And, priests and priestesses dressed as bee's to worship the divine Bee Goddess. Source: March of the Titans, A History of the White Race, By Arthur Kemp, p. 48. There were six major Sumerian city-states: Eridu, Ur, Nippur, Lagash and Kish and Uruk. As their populations grew, these cities were often at war with each other over irrigated land to grow their crops. Each had a priest-king as their ruler and consisted of a thriving trading hub that boasted six miles of defensive walls and housed up to 80,000 individuals.
The peace and prosperity of the Sumerian city-states ended when they were conqueror by Sargon I (died 2279 BC) who marched his army through the region and conquered the city-states one by one and created the Akkadian empire. Akkadian over time replaced Sumerian as a spoken language, but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the first century AD. Sumerian language - Wikipedia.
Yuri Shilov, Ukrainian Academy of Science, states the origin of the Aratta-Ukraine civilization dates as far back as the 20th millennium BCE, and became a well-organized society prior to Sumeria and Egypt. The huge sandstone slab “Stone Library” of the scribes in Kamyana Mohyl, enclosed 60 grottos, and used Palaeolithic petroglyphs showing the cultural origins of Man's earliest myths, with proto-Sumerian, proto-cuneiform characters, and are the oldest known sanctuary-observatory in the world. This was a rich petroglyphic library of their law codes, deities, culture and histories. Dr. Mykhailo Videiko of the Kyiv Institute of Archaeology describes finding a Cucuteni - Trypillian culture village that was a settlement consisting of a large temple, human-like figurines and animal remains. Live Science reports it once covered 588 acres with more than 1,200 buildings and 50 streets. The culture extended from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dniester and Dnieper region, centered on Moldova, covering parts of western Ukraine and northeastern Romania. Haplogroup G2 is 10% and haplogroup R-M269 is 14.6% of the population here. These Trypillian builders were described as peaceful farmers and artisans with a culture similar to that described in Plato's dialogues, the "Timaeus" and the "Critias," written ca. 330 BC about Atlantis. They built circular cities, worshiped the bull, had red, white and black art motifs, built astronomical observatories and had hieroglyphic writing. It was described in the Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, as a fabulously wealthy place full of gold, silver, lapis lazuli and other precious materials with many talented artisans to craft them.
THE STORY OF ATLANTIS - FACT OR FICTION
A Roman Era Map of Atlantis
Atlantis was an island continent that lay westward beyond the Pillars of Heracles (the Straits of Gibraltar). It was ruled by a coalition of kings descended from the sea god Poseidon. The chief king was descended from Poseidon's oldest son, Atlas, who gave his name both to the island and the surrounding Atlantic Ocean. ... The island was a paradise blessed with every natural resource; plenty of fresh water, an abundance of metal ores, luxuriant vegetation producing everything from food to perfumes, and herds of animals including elephants. Anything the island might lack was drawn from its overseas empire. As a result, the kings of Atlantis "had such an amount of wealth as was never before possessed by kings and potentates and is not likely ever to be seen again."
Each of the kings had his own royal city, but the grandest, the capital of Atlantis, was the royal metropolis ruled over by the descendants of Atlas. Poseidon himself had founded it, carving out a series of concentric rings of water to surround and protect the site. Successive kings embellished the city, digging a great subterranean channel through the rings of land to join the circular canals and connect them to the nearby sea. They built huge bridges over the canals and defensive walls around each of the rings of land, encasing them in metal: the outermost glittered with bronze, the next with tin, and the innermost with orichalcum, and unknown metal "which sparkled like fire." In the outer sections of the city they built a harbor, warehouses, barracks, racetracks, groves, and temples, and on the central island a palace complex that was a wonderland. The main temple (to Poseidon and his wife Clymene) was coated with silver and pinnacles of gold; its roof was made of solid ivory decorated with precious metals. It was three times the size of the Parthenon in Athens. Inside were images of the first kings and queens of Atlantis and a solid gold statue of Poseidon, which nearly touched the roof, itself some 300 feet high. (For comparison, New York's Statue of Liberty is 151 feet high, standing on a 155-foot pedestal.) Source: Ancient Mysteries, By Peter James and Nick Thorpe, 1999.
Each of the kings had his own royal city, but the grandest, the capital of Atlantis, was the royal metropolis ruled over by the descendants of Atlas. Poseidon himself had founded it, carving out a series of concentric rings of water to surround and protect the site. Successive kings embellished the city, digging a great subterranean channel through the rings of land to join the circular canals and connect them to the nearby sea. They built huge bridges over the canals and defensive walls around each of the rings of land, encasing them in metal: the outermost glittered with bronze, the next with tin, and the innermost with orichalcum, and unknown metal "which sparkled like fire." In the outer sections of the city they built a harbor, warehouses, barracks, racetracks, groves, and temples, and on the central island a palace complex that was a wonderland. The main temple (to Poseidon and his wife Clymene) was coated with silver and pinnacles of gold; its roof was made of solid ivory decorated with precious metals. It was three times the size of the Parthenon in Athens. Inside were images of the first kings and queens of Atlantis and a solid gold statue of Poseidon, which nearly touched the roof, itself some 300 feet high. (For comparison, New York's Statue of Liberty is 151 feet high, standing on a 155-foot pedestal.) Source: Ancient Mysteries, By Peter James and Nick Thorpe, 1999.
Several thousand books have been written on Atlantis since it was first mentioned by the Greek philosopher Plato and his story continues to persist for more than 2,300 years after his death. According to the learned Hispanic authors of al-Andalish, the Atlanteans were antediluvian magicians and fire worshippers, who dominated Iberia before the Phoenicians. Ibn al-Marrâkushî states: “And it is known that the first people who arrived to this country (Iberia) after the flood was a people called al-Andlush, from whom it was named (Iberia) al-Andlus, and that these settlers were magicians”. From this information, it appears the true source for al-Andalus was the Atlanteans who inhabited Iberia following the destruction of Atlantis.
The Athenian statesman Solon (638–558 BC) of the city of Sais, traveled to Egypt and encountered the priests of the goddess Neith. During his visit, an aged priest shared the story of an advanced ancient people who lived there 9,000 years earlier and during this time had been in conflict with Athens. Plato's dialogue does not mention a name for the priest, but Plutarch (46-120 AD), in his Life of Solon identified the aged priest as Sonchis. Sonchis was the most learned of all the priests and put the story of Atlantis into a poem, bringing this knowledge to the Greeks. These Greek philosophers who visited Egypt and received advice from the Egyptian priests are detailed by Plutarch in his book On Isis and Osiris.
Plato said Atlantis existed about 9,000 years before his own time, and that its story had been passed down by poets, priests, and others. The founders of Atlantis, he said, created a utopian civilization and became a great naval power. Their home was made up of concentric islands separated by wide moats and linked by a canal that penetrated to the center. The lush islands contained gold, silver, and other precious metals and supported an abundance of rare, exotic wildlife. There was a great capital city on the central island. In Critias, the second part of Plato’s story of Atlantis written around 360 BC relates an account of an advanced and powerful empire inhabited by a moral, spiritual people who lived in a highly advanced, utopian civilization.
According to Plato, Poseidon chose his domain on the island of Atlantis where Atlantean life was utopic with much reverence and respect for all. Much care and devotion went into the construction of the Atlantean islands with waterways and landscaping being a major feature. Also in Critias, we are told of the baths that were constructed for both the people of Atlantis and also the animals. Horses played an important role in Atlantean life with "... gardens and places of exercise, some for men, and others for horses in both of the two islands formed by the zones; and in the centre of the larger of the two [island] there was set apart a race-course of a stadium in width, and in length allowed to extend all-round the island, for horses to race in". These much adored horses were treated as highly evolved beings with a loving bond existing between horse and rider. They were ridden without the use of saddles or bridles as shown on the petroglyphs of Galicia, and were guided to their destination purely by thought.
Crantor, a Greek philosopher and scholar of the Old Academy, was born around the middle of the 4th century BC, at Soli in Cilicia. The following is written about him by Otto Muck in Alles über Atlantis, in 1954. "Crantor came to Sais and saw there in the temple of Neith the column, completely covered with hieroglyphs, on which the history of Atlantis was recorded. Scholars translated it for him, and he testified that their account fully agreed with Plato's account of Atlantis."
Arabic texts offering the first mentions of the island of Al-Andalus and the sea of al-Andalus become extraordinarily clear if we substitute this expressions with "Atlantis" or "Atlantic". Andalish or Andlish refers to the Atlantean, according to Dr. Joaquin Vallvé, an outstanding arabist, member of the Royal Spanish Academy, in accordance with all the Islamic documentation he has been able to gather and study for decades. Richard Freund, a professor at the University of Hartford, held the belief that the Phoenicians were descendants of the Atlanteans and archaeologists continue their search for an ancient civilization in southern Spain which could help explain more about the Atlantis of al-Andalus.
Sonjis of Sais and Psefonis of Heliopolis were considered the wiser men of its time, according to Plutarch. Historians such as Plutarch, Marcellus, Crantor, confirm the existence of Egyptian stelae with reliefs and paintings depicting Atlantis story. Egyptian priests themselves talked to Solon, Sonjis of Sais and Psenofis of Heliopolis, whose names we know through the verification made by Plutarch with Egyptian archives, acknowledged other Egyptian authorities’ like Patheneit, Ojaapis or Eutemo as Solon sources, according to the famed Proclus. Crantor’s fides atque auctoritas, his prestige, his code of ethics and his moral values were highly praised and regarded by several ancient authors who were considered as great authorities.
A passage from the commentary by Proclus of Athens (*412–485 C.E.) an authoritative philosopher of late antiquity on the "Timaeus" gives a description of the geography of Atlantis: That an island of such nature and size once existed is evident from what is said by certain authors who investigated the things around the outer sea. For according to them, there were seven islands in that sea in their time, sacred to Persephone, and also three others of enormous size, one of which was sacred to Hades, another to Ammon, and another one between them to Poseidon, the extent of which was a thousand stadia [200 km]; and the inhabitants of it—they add—preserved the remembrance from their ancestors of the immeasurably large island of Atlantis which had really existed there and which for many ages had reigned over all islands in the Atlantic sea and which itself had likehwise been sacred to Poseidon. Now these things Marcellus has written in his Aethiopica.
National Geographic Ocean explorer Robert Ballard says, the legend of Atlantis is a "logical" one since cataclysmic floods and volcanic explosions have happened throughout history, including one event that had some similarities to the story of the destruction of Atlantis. The clairvoyant Edgar Cayce spoke frequently of Atlantis and during his "life readings" he claimed that many of his subjects were reincarnations of people who had lived there. By tapping into their collective consciousness, the "Akashic Records" (a term borrowed from Theosophy), he declared that he was able to give detailed descriptions of the lost continent. He also asserted that Atlantis would "rise" again in the 1960s (sparking much popularity of the myth in that decade) and that there is a "Hall of Records" beneath the Egyptian Sphinx which holds the historical texts of Atlantis.
Egerton Sykes (1894-1983) created and held the largest private collection on Atlantis in the world. In 1968 he published Egypt and Atlantis in which he stated, "The proto Egyptians, after the fall of Atlantis, sought refuge in North Africa, at that time a fertile land with the Meropic sea stretching inland into what is now the Sahara Desert. At some period, probably about 5000 BC, the climate changed and they were obliged to seek refuge elsewhere. ... The largest and most powerful group crossed the desert to Egypt where after a thousand years or more fighting with the local tribesmen, they managed to unite Egypt, the Upper and the Lower Kingdoms, into one at the beginning of the First dynasty. ... The only structures in Egypt that may date back to the days of Atlantis are the three Great Pyramids, which may well have been put up before the disaster.
According to Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses, Atlantis was in northern Spain. He specifically argues that Atlantis is the underwater plateau, known internationally as "Le Danois Bank" and locally as "The Cachucho". It is located about 25 kilometers from the continental shelf and about 60 km off the coast of Asturias, and Lastres between Ribadesella. Its top is now 425 meters below the sea. It is 50 kilometers from east to west and 18 km from north to south. Ribero-Meneses hypothesized that part of the continental margin that broke off at least 12,000 years ago as the result of tectonic processes that occurred at the end of the last ice age. He argues that they created a tsunami with waves with heights of hundreds of meters and that the few survivors had to start virtually from scratch.
Detailed studies of the geology of the Le Danois Bank region have refuted the hypothesis proposed by Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses that the Le Danois Bank was created by the collapse of the northern Cantabrian continental margin about 12,000 years ago. The Le Danois Bank represents part of the continental margin that has been uplifted by thrust faulting when the continental margin overrode oceanic crust during the Paleogene and Neogene periods. Along the northern edge of the Le Danois Bank, Precambrian granulite and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks have been thrust northward over Miocene and Oligocene marine sediments. The basin separating the Le Danois Bank from the Cantabrian continental margin to the south is a graben that simultaneously formed as a result of normal faulting associated with the thrust faulting. In addition, marine sediments that range in age from lower Pliocene to Pleistocene, cover large parts of Le Danois Bank, and fill the basin separating it from the Cantabrian continental margin demonstrate that this bank has been submerged beneath the Bay of Biscay for millions of years.
The Athenian statesman Solon (638–558 BC) of the city of Sais, traveled to Egypt and encountered the priests of the goddess Neith. During his visit, an aged priest shared the story of an advanced ancient people who lived there 9,000 years earlier and during this time had been in conflict with Athens. Plato's dialogue does not mention a name for the priest, but Plutarch (46-120 AD), in his Life of Solon identified the aged priest as Sonchis. Sonchis was the most learned of all the priests and put the story of Atlantis into a poem, bringing this knowledge to the Greeks. These Greek philosophers who visited Egypt and received advice from the Egyptian priests are detailed by Plutarch in his book On Isis and Osiris.
Plato said Atlantis existed about 9,000 years before his own time, and that its story had been passed down by poets, priests, and others. The founders of Atlantis, he said, created a utopian civilization and became a great naval power. Their home was made up of concentric islands separated by wide moats and linked by a canal that penetrated to the center. The lush islands contained gold, silver, and other precious metals and supported an abundance of rare, exotic wildlife. There was a great capital city on the central island. In Critias, the second part of Plato’s story of Atlantis written around 360 BC relates an account of an advanced and powerful empire inhabited by a moral, spiritual people who lived in a highly advanced, utopian civilization.
According to Plato, Poseidon chose his domain on the island of Atlantis where Atlantean life was utopic with much reverence and respect for all. Much care and devotion went into the construction of the Atlantean islands with waterways and landscaping being a major feature. Also in Critias, we are told of the baths that were constructed for both the people of Atlantis and also the animals. Horses played an important role in Atlantean life with "... gardens and places of exercise, some for men, and others for horses in both of the two islands formed by the zones; and in the centre of the larger of the two [island] there was set apart a race-course of a stadium in width, and in length allowed to extend all-round the island, for horses to race in". These much adored horses were treated as highly evolved beings with a loving bond existing between horse and rider. They were ridden without the use of saddles or bridles as shown on the petroglyphs of Galicia, and were guided to their destination purely by thought.
Crantor, a Greek philosopher and scholar of the Old Academy, was born around the middle of the 4th century BC, at Soli in Cilicia. The following is written about him by Otto Muck in Alles über Atlantis, in 1954. "Crantor came to Sais and saw there in the temple of Neith the column, completely covered with hieroglyphs, on which the history of Atlantis was recorded. Scholars translated it for him, and he testified that their account fully agreed with Plato's account of Atlantis."
Arabic texts offering the first mentions of the island of Al-Andalus and the sea of al-Andalus become extraordinarily clear if we substitute this expressions with "Atlantis" or "Atlantic". Andalish or Andlish refers to the Atlantean, according to Dr. Joaquin Vallvé, an outstanding arabist, member of the Royal Spanish Academy, in accordance with all the Islamic documentation he has been able to gather and study for decades. Richard Freund, a professor at the University of Hartford, held the belief that the Phoenicians were descendants of the Atlanteans and archaeologists continue their search for an ancient civilization in southern Spain which could help explain more about the Atlantis of al-Andalus.
Sonjis of Sais and Psefonis of Heliopolis were considered the wiser men of its time, according to Plutarch. Historians such as Plutarch, Marcellus, Crantor, confirm the existence of Egyptian stelae with reliefs and paintings depicting Atlantis story. Egyptian priests themselves talked to Solon, Sonjis of Sais and Psenofis of Heliopolis, whose names we know through the verification made by Plutarch with Egyptian archives, acknowledged other Egyptian authorities’ like Patheneit, Ojaapis or Eutemo as Solon sources, according to the famed Proclus. Crantor’s fides atque auctoritas, his prestige, his code of ethics and his moral values were highly praised and regarded by several ancient authors who were considered as great authorities.
A passage from the commentary by Proclus of Athens (*412–485 C.E.) an authoritative philosopher of late antiquity on the "Timaeus" gives a description of the geography of Atlantis: That an island of such nature and size once existed is evident from what is said by certain authors who investigated the things around the outer sea. For according to them, there were seven islands in that sea in their time, sacred to Persephone, and also three others of enormous size, one of which was sacred to Hades, another to Ammon, and another one between them to Poseidon, the extent of which was a thousand stadia [200 km]; and the inhabitants of it—they add—preserved the remembrance from their ancestors of the immeasurably large island of Atlantis which had really existed there and which for many ages had reigned over all islands in the Atlantic sea and which itself had likehwise been sacred to Poseidon. Now these things Marcellus has written in his Aethiopica.
National Geographic Ocean explorer Robert Ballard says, the legend of Atlantis is a "logical" one since cataclysmic floods and volcanic explosions have happened throughout history, including one event that had some similarities to the story of the destruction of Atlantis. The clairvoyant Edgar Cayce spoke frequently of Atlantis and during his "life readings" he claimed that many of his subjects were reincarnations of people who had lived there. By tapping into their collective consciousness, the "Akashic Records" (a term borrowed from Theosophy), he declared that he was able to give detailed descriptions of the lost continent. He also asserted that Atlantis would "rise" again in the 1960s (sparking much popularity of the myth in that decade) and that there is a "Hall of Records" beneath the Egyptian Sphinx which holds the historical texts of Atlantis.
Egerton Sykes (1894-1983) created and held the largest private collection on Atlantis in the world. In 1968 he published Egypt and Atlantis in which he stated, "The proto Egyptians, after the fall of Atlantis, sought refuge in North Africa, at that time a fertile land with the Meropic sea stretching inland into what is now the Sahara Desert. At some period, probably about 5000 BC, the climate changed and they were obliged to seek refuge elsewhere. ... The largest and most powerful group crossed the desert to Egypt where after a thousand years or more fighting with the local tribesmen, they managed to unite Egypt, the Upper and the Lower Kingdoms, into one at the beginning of the First dynasty. ... The only structures in Egypt that may date back to the days of Atlantis are the three Great Pyramids, which may well have been put up before the disaster.
According to Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses, Atlantis was in northern Spain. He specifically argues that Atlantis is the underwater plateau, known internationally as "Le Danois Bank" and locally as "The Cachucho". It is located about 25 kilometers from the continental shelf and about 60 km off the coast of Asturias, and Lastres between Ribadesella. Its top is now 425 meters below the sea. It is 50 kilometers from east to west and 18 km from north to south. Ribero-Meneses hypothesized that part of the continental margin that broke off at least 12,000 years ago as the result of tectonic processes that occurred at the end of the last ice age. He argues that they created a tsunami with waves with heights of hundreds of meters and that the few survivors had to start virtually from scratch.
Detailed studies of the geology of the Le Danois Bank region have refuted the hypothesis proposed by Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses that the Le Danois Bank was created by the collapse of the northern Cantabrian continental margin about 12,000 years ago. The Le Danois Bank represents part of the continental margin that has been uplifted by thrust faulting when the continental margin overrode oceanic crust during the Paleogene and Neogene periods. Along the northern edge of the Le Danois Bank, Precambrian granulite and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks have been thrust northward over Miocene and Oligocene marine sediments. The basin separating the Le Danois Bank from the Cantabrian continental margin to the south is a graben that simultaneously formed as a result of normal faulting associated with the thrust faulting. In addition, marine sediments that range in age from lower Pliocene to Pleistocene, cover large parts of Le Danois Bank, and fill the basin separating it from the Cantabrian continental margin demonstrate that this bank has been submerged beneath the Bay of Biscay for millions of years.
Plato himself dated the origin of the Egyptians to eight or ten thousand years before his time, it would have been a simple deduction to place Atlantis (i.e. Tantalis) a thousand years even earlier. Plato's dialogues claim to quote Solon, who visited Egypt between 590 and 580 BC; they state that he translated Egyptian records of Atlantis.
The Egyptian civilization is thought to have started around 5500 BCE as two major kingdoms developed along the Nile. Historians call them Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Around 3200 BCE, Egypt was brought together under one ruler—King Narmer (sometimes called Menes). A number of scientists have theorized that the Minoan civilization on Crete was Atlantis, and what Egyptian priests described to Solon was a devastating volcanic eruption in 1470 BC that destroyed several Mediterranean islands.
The Troano Codex in the National Archaeological Museum of Madrid — one of the few Mayan manuscripts that survived de Landa’s burning and one which nobody but a few gifted pseudoscientific Atlantists can read — and from some pictures on the walls of Chichen-Itza, Le Plongeon built a romantic tale. It concerned the rivalry of the princes Coh and Aac for the hand of their sister Móo, queen of Atlantis or Mu. Coh won, but was murdered by Aac; and then the continent sank and Móo fled to Egypt where, as Isis, she founded the Egyptian civilization.
The Egyptian civilization is thought to have started around 5500 BCE as two major kingdoms developed along the Nile. Historians call them Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Around 3200 BCE, Egypt was brought together under one ruler—King Narmer (sometimes called Menes). A number of scientists have theorized that the Minoan civilization on Crete was Atlantis, and what Egyptian priests described to Solon was a devastating volcanic eruption in 1470 BC that destroyed several Mediterranean islands.
The Troano Codex in the National Archaeological Museum of Madrid — one of the few Mayan manuscripts that survived de Landa’s burning and one which nobody but a few gifted pseudoscientific Atlantists can read — and from some pictures on the walls of Chichen-Itza, Le Plongeon built a romantic tale. It concerned the rivalry of the princes Coh and Aac for the hand of their sister Móo, queen of Atlantis or Mu. Coh won, but was murdered by Aac; and then the continent sank and Móo fled to Egypt where, as Isis, she founded the Egyptian civilization.
Piri Reis, of the Ottoman Empire, was an admiral and cartographer credited with the drawn and signed world map dated 1513. Piri based his map on about 20 charts and mappae mundi, and included eight Ptolemaic maps, an Arabic map of India, four newly drawn Portuguese maps from Sindh, and a map by Christopher Columbus of the western lands per the map's legend. The map was accurate based on recent satellite imagery for topographic mapping, and a number of experts claim that the map is proof of an advanced seafaring civilization on Earth during this time period that disappeared suddenly.
The discovery of this map was made in 1929 when the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, Turkey was converted into a museum. The map shows land features of the Antarctic coastline which has been under thick ice for 420,000 years per studies by paleoclimatologists using the Vostok ice core in Antarctica. Was it possible to provide accurate details of a coastline in 1513 when Antarctica was covered in thick ice?
The map shows the tip of South America attached to Antarctica, which could only be explained by continental drift in which it broke off and formed its own continent. One school of thought is this may have occurred around the time of the sinking of Atlantis during a period of shifting of the tectonic plates which was preceded by a meteor impact.
Macquarie University's Dr. Craig O'Neill and colleagues found that during the Middle Archean, 62-mile-wide impacts were capable of weakening Earth’s rigid, outermost layer. “This could have acted as a trigger for tectonic processes, especially if Earth’s exterior was already ‘primed’ for subduction,” Dr. O’Neill said.
Airborne radar and ground sampling have found an impact crater called the Hiawatha crater on northwest Greenland. Radar reflections from volcanic grit in the ice can be tied to dated ice cores drilled elsewhere on northwest Greenland. Those reflections stop at 11,700 years ago and samples near the glacier’s outlet contained beads of once-molten glass and shocked quartz crystals scarred by high temperatures and pressures. After an impact, rebounding molten rock piles up in a central peak and sometimes collapses into a peak ring, one way to distinguish an impact crater from a volcano.
The Reis Map shows coastlines of South America and Africa accurately within a half a degree of longitude and the precise location of the Equator. Prior to 1790 when the marine chronometer was invented, sailors, navigators, and cartographers had no way to accurately pinpoint a given location, yet the Piri Reis map succeeded in doing so. The discovery of Antarctica in 1818 was several hundreds of years after the Piri Reis map shows the Antarctica land mass.
Professor Hapgood at the University of New Hampshire assisted by his students noticed that the map was drawn using the Mercator Projections, a methodology not used by European cartographers until the late 16th century. They also theorized that the map had to have been based on information older than 4.000 BCE, and theorized that the Earth underwent a shift in its axis around 9,500 BC, [11,500 years before present] displacing Antarctica and moving it thousands of miles south which caused it to become quickly covered in ice.
Edgar Cayce (1877-1945) is believed by many to be one of the most successful psychic's of the 20th century and in one of his "life readings" he revealed that Atlantis was destroyed as a device overloaded while using crystals to harness rays from the sun. Cayce recalled his past life as a priest named Ra Ta around 10,500 B.C. In this life he was able to sense the breakup of Atlantis and instructed part of his people to go to Egypt, where they built the Sphinx and the Great Pyramid. Near the Sphinx they constructed an underground "Hall of Records," to house a library preserving the wisdom of Atlantis. A secret passage leads from one of the Sphinx's paws to this hidden treasure. Others managed to escape in boats and established colonies elsewhere in the world.
The discovery of this map was made in 1929 when the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, Turkey was converted into a museum. The map shows land features of the Antarctic coastline which has been under thick ice for 420,000 years per studies by paleoclimatologists using the Vostok ice core in Antarctica. Was it possible to provide accurate details of a coastline in 1513 when Antarctica was covered in thick ice?
The map shows the tip of South America attached to Antarctica, which could only be explained by continental drift in which it broke off and formed its own continent. One school of thought is this may have occurred around the time of the sinking of Atlantis during a period of shifting of the tectonic plates which was preceded by a meteor impact.
Macquarie University's Dr. Craig O'Neill and colleagues found that during the Middle Archean, 62-mile-wide impacts were capable of weakening Earth’s rigid, outermost layer. “This could have acted as a trigger for tectonic processes, especially if Earth’s exterior was already ‘primed’ for subduction,” Dr. O’Neill said.
Airborne radar and ground sampling have found an impact crater called the Hiawatha crater on northwest Greenland. Radar reflections from volcanic grit in the ice can be tied to dated ice cores drilled elsewhere on northwest Greenland. Those reflections stop at 11,700 years ago and samples near the glacier’s outlet contained beads of once-molten glass and shocked quartz crystals scarred by high temperatures and pressures. After an impact, rebounding molten rock piles up in a central peak and sometimes collapses into a peak ring, one way to distinguish an impact crater from a volcano.
The Reis Map shows coastlines of South America and Africa accurately within a half a degree of longitude and the precise location of the Equator. Prior to 1790 when the marine chronometer was invented, sailors, navigators, and cartographers had no way to accurately pinpoint a given location, yet the Piri Reis map succeeded in doing so. The discovery of Antarctica in 1818 was several hundreds of years after the Piri Reis map shows the Antarctica land mass.
Professor Hapgood at the University of New Hampshire assisted by his students noticed that the map was drawn using the Mercator Projections, a methodology not used by European cartographers until the late 16th century. They also theorized that the map had to have been based on information older than 4.000 BCE, and theorized that the Earth underwent a shift in its axis around 9,500 BC, [11,500 years before present] displacing Antarctica and moving it thousands of miles south which caused it to become quickly covered in ice.
Edgar Cayce (1877-1945) is believed by many to be one of the most successful psychic's of the 20th century and in one of his "life readings" he revealed that Atlantis was destroyed as a device overloaded while using crystals to harness rays from the sun. Cayce recalled his past life as a priest named Ra Ta around 10,500 B.C. In this life he was able to sense the breakup of Atlantis and instructed part of his people to go to Egypt, where they built the Sphinx and the Great Pyramid. Near the Sphinx they constructed an underground "Hall of Records," to house a library preserving the wisdom of Atlantis. A secret passage leads from one of the Sphinx's paws to this hidden treasure. Others managed to escape in boats and established colonies elsewhere in the world.
POSEIDON, GOD OF THE SEA, EARTHQUAKES, STORMS & HORSES
The foundation of Atlantis, originally called Poseidonis or sometimes Poseidia, was created and ruled by Poseidon, a Greek deity of Greek known to rule over the oceanic domain. Poseidon fell in love with Clymene and they five sets of male twins. The eldest of the first set was named Atlas and became the first Atlantean King.
Poseidon created Atlantis to have alternate zones of land and sea, two of land and three of water, in a rotund shape around the heart of Atlantis. Then he brought forth two different springs of water, one of cold and the other of heat from the hill in the center. This allowed all sorts of animals and plants to thrive in Atlantis, providing a wide variety of food sources for the Atlanteans. The emphasis of the wild abundance of Atlantis points out the wealth of the people, for they could derive almost all that they needed from the earth and sea.
ATLAS, GOD OF WAR AND KING OF ATLANTIS
Atlantis was an island continent that lay westward beyond the Pillars of Heracles (the Straits of Gibraltar). It was ruled by a coalition of kings descended from the sea god Poseidon. The chief king was descended from Poseidon's oldest son, Atlas, who gave his name both to the island and the surrounding Atlantic Ocean. ... The island was a paradise blessed with every natural resource; plenty of fresh water, an abundance of metal ores, luxuriant vegetation producing everything from food to perfumes, and herds of animals including elephants. Anything the island might lack was drawn from its overseas empire. As a result, the kings of Atlantis "had such an amount of wealth as was never before possessed by kings and potentates and is not likely ever to be seen again."
Each of the kings had his own royal city, but the grandest, the capital of Atlantis, was the royal metropolis ruled over by the descendants of Atlas. Poseidon himself had founded it, carving out a series of concentric rings of water to surround and protect the site. Successive kings embellished the city, digging a great subterranean channel through the rings of land to join the circular canals and connect them to the nearby sea. They built huge bridges over the canals and defensive walls around each of the rings of land, encasing them in metal: the outermost glittered with bronze, the next with tin, and the innermost with orichalcum, and unknown metal "which sparkled like fire." In the outer sections of the city they built a harbor, warehouses, barracks, racetracks, groves, and temples, and on the central island a palace complex that was a wonderland. The main temple (to Poseidon and his wife Clymene) was coated with silver and pinnacles of gold; its roof was made of solid ivory decorated with precious metals. It was three times the size of the Parthenon in Athens. Inside were images of the first kings and queens of Atlantis and a solid gold statue of Poseidon, which nearly touched the roof, itself some 300 feet high. (For comparison, New York's Statue of Liberty is 151 feet high, standing on a 155-foot pedestal.) Source: Ancient Mysteries, By Peter James and Nick Thorpe, 1999.
Each of the kings had his own royal city, but the grandest, the capital of Atlantis, was the royal metropolis ruled over by the descendants of Atlas. Poseidon himself had founded it, carving out a series of concentric rings of water to surround and protect the site. Successive kings embellished the city, digging a great subterranean channel through the rings of land to join the circular canals and connect them to the nearby sea. They built huge bridges over the canals and defensive walls around each of the rings of land, encasing them in metal: the outermost glittered with bronze, the next with tin, and the innermost with orichalcum, and unknown metal "which sparkled like fire." In the outer sections of the city they built a harbor, warehouses, barracks, racetracks, groves, and temples, and on the central island a palace complex that was a wonderland. The main temple (to Poseidon and his wife Clymene) was coated with silver and pinnacles of gold; its roof was made of solid ivory decorated with precious metals. It was three times the size of the Parthenon in Athens. Inside were images of the first kings and queens of Atlantis and a solid gold statue of Poseidon, which nearly touched the roof, itself some 300 feet high. (For comparison, New York's Statue of Liberty is 151 feet high, standing on a 155-foot pedestal.) Source: Ancient Mysteries, By Peter James and Nick Thorpe, 1999.
